In 2004, artist J. C. Fontanive brought the Flipbook Machine to life during his masters program at the Royal College of Art, London. Exploring East London's antique markets, Fontanive gathered Victorian clock parts and mechanical movements. Disassembling and reconstructing each mechanism, he studied the hand-tooled movements and gears, mastering component assemblage. This exploration of object kinetics inspired his 'film without light' Flipbook Machine.